[107][108][109] The UKHSA has begun using Imvanex as post-exposure prophylaxis for close contacts of known cases. [20] In infections before the current outbreak, 13 percent of people with known infections have died (without treatment).
A systematic review", "Monkeypox contact tracing extended to Scotland", "Australia's first confirmed monkeypox case recorded in Victoria", "13 Sick After Prairie Dog Contact; Milwaukee Pet Store Employee, Two Others Remain Hospitalized", "Four Get Monkeypox Virus from Prairie Dogs", "First draft genome sequence of Monkeypox virus associated with the suspected multi-country outbreak, May 2022 (confirmed case in Portugal)", "First monkeypox genome from latest outbreak shows links to 2018 strain", "Monkeypox wasn't created in a lab and other claims debunked", "OPINION: Media coverage of monkeypox paints it as an African virus", "Monkeypox is spreading among gay men worldwide", "Monkeypox goes global: why scientists are on alert", "Monkeypox likely spread by sex at two raves in Europe, expert says", "Monkeypox may have been circulating in UK for years, scientists say", "Human Animal Infections and Risk Surveillance group (HAIRS)", "Over 100 Britons have now caught monkeypox: Health chiefs spot another 16 cases", "Qualitative assessment of the risk to the UK human population of monkeypox infection in a canine, feline, mustelid, lagomorph or rodent UK pet", "Monkeypox: Two more confirmed cases of viral infection", "Monkeypox: Four more cases detected in England", "Monkeypox 'spreading in sexual networks', "Investigation into monkeypox outbreak in England: technical briefing 1", "UK monkeypox cases double to 20 Sajid Javid", "People coming into contact with monkeypox are now being advised to quarantine for three weeks", "Monkeypox. 
[69][70] Given the unusually high frequency of human-to-human transmission observed in this event, and the probable community transmission without history of traveling to endemic areas, spread of the virus through close contact is more likely, with transmission during sexual activities being the most common route. In the report of 9 May 2022, the NCDC stated that 230 cases were confirmed across 20 states and the Federal Capital Territory between 2017 and 2022. [111][106], On 25 May, disease experts from the NICD in South Africa said they saw no need for mass vaccination, because they believe cases will not explode as they did in the COVID-19 pandemic.[112]. [27], Monkeypox is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and some other animals. [83] Dr. Susan Hopkins from the UKHSA urged watchfulness among men who have sex with men. The ECDC rated likelihood of transmission due to close contact, including sexual contact, as "high", but, without close contact, as low.
[63][64], This outbreak is of the West African clade, which has a reported case fatality rate of 1% according to the World Health Organization. The director of the Africa CDC, Ahmed Ogwell, said that Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Nigeria have reported 1405 endemic cases with 62 deaths during early 2022 to May 2022. [121][122] On 22 May, UNAIDS urged communicators to avoid stigma by taking an evidence-based approach, reiterated that the disease can affect anyone and that risk is by no means limited to men who have sex with men. 
[28][36] People can spread the virus from the onset of symptoms until all the lesions have scabbed and fallen off; with some evidence of spread for more than a week after lesions have crusted.
The person developed a rash on 29April while in Nigeria and flew back to the United Kingdom, arriving on 4May,[60] and presented to hospital later the same day.
[68] Genetic evidence suggest the outbreak likely started in Nigeria. [30] There may be mild symptoms, and it may occur without any symptoms being known. One of the new cases was hospitalised at St Mary's Hospital, while the other case with milder symptoms was said to be self-isolating at home. The variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is also in this genus. Cases and deaths in endemic African countries, Initial reported cases in the United Kingdom, Timeline of first confirmed cases by country or territory, Timeline of suspected cases by country or territory, Timeline of first deaths by country or territory. [76][77], In the beginning of May 2022, a case of monkeypox in a British resident who had travelled to Lagos and Delta State in Nigeria,[78] in areas where monkeypox is considered to be an endemic disease, was reported. Some countries reported confirmed cases after reporting suspected cases (i.e. [23], As of 23 July, 99% cases outside endemic regions in Africa were in men. while the vaccination with ACAM2000 is "administered as one percutaneous dose via multiple puncture technique with a bifurcated needle. [25], On 23 May, David Heymann, an advisor for the World Health Organization, said that the likely theory of how the outbreak started is transmission during sexual intercourse of gay and bisexual men at two raves in Belgium and Spain.
[80][82] Patients with active monkeypox infection were confirmed to be hospitalised at the Royal Victoria Infirmary in Newcastle upon Tyne and at the Royal Free Hospital and Guy's Hospital in London. [71] LGBTQ+ rights groups have issued statements advising media to avoid stigmatising marginalised groups such as men who have sex with men. The first three such cases were in 2018,[60] followed by a further case in 2019[61] and three more in 2021. [80], Also on 20 May, UK Health Secretary Sajid Javid reported that another eleven cases had been confirmed, bringing the total in the country to twenty. [23] A significant proportion of cases, although not all, are in men who have sex with men (MSM), notably in Canada, Spain, and the UK,[23] with many cases diagnosed in sexual health clinics. [65] The genomic sequence of the virus associated with this outbreak was first published on 19 May by Portuguese researchers. [23] In May 2022, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) considered the monkeypox virus to be moderately transmissible among humans. [78], Extensive contact tracing of people who had been in contact with the index case both on the international flight from Nigeria to the United Kingdom and within the country following their arrival was carried out, with potential contacts advised to remain aware of the symptoms of monkeypox and immediately isolate if any were to develop within 21 days of the contact event. [44], On 23 July 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the monkeypox outbreak as a global health emergency as the number of infected cases rose above 17,000 people. One death in Spain and one death in Brazil. [78] Testing of patient swab samples by polymerase chain reaction revealed the outbreak to be of the West African clade of monkeypox, which is the less deadly of the two known monkeypox variants with a case fatality rate of around 1%. In the span from 2017 to 2022, the NCDC reported six deaths in six different states, making for a 3.3% case fatality ratio. [28][32] Cases may be severe, especially in children, pregnant women or people with suppressed immune systems. [105] [37], In March 2021, the Nuclear Threat Initiative led a tabletop exercise at the Munich Security Conference simulating hypothetical public health responses to the release of genetically manipulated strains of viruses, including monkeypox. A "small number" of people in Scotland were ordered to self-isolate following close contact with the person initially reported to have been infected, although overall risk to the general public remained "very low". Smallpox, monkeypox and other poxvirus infections", "The transmission potential of monkeypox virus in human populations", "Interim Clinical Guidance for the Treatment of Monkeypox | Monkeypox | Poxvirus | CDC", "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries: Update", "Strengthening Global Systems to Prevent and Respond to High-Consequence Biological Threats", "World Health Organization (WHO) Declares Monkeypox A Global Health Emergency", "World Health Organization (WHO) Declares Monkeypox A Global Health Emergency - WORLD OF BUZZ", "African Centre For Disease Control Alerts Cameroon On Monkeypox", "Monkeypox in Nigeria: why the disease needs intense management", "Monkeypox is endemic in Nigeria. Monkeypox is endemic to West and Central Africa. [45][46], The Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention has alerted several members of the African Union in May 2022 about cases of monkeypox. On 24 May, Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Deputy Director Jennifer McQuiston confirmed the United States is releasing some of their Jynneos vaccine supply from their Strategic National Stockpile for people who are "high-risk". [47], In an article in The Conversation, Oyewale Tomori pointed out that the number of monkeypox infections in Nigeria through 2021 is likely to be under-reported because much of the Nigerian population has been avoiding healthcare facilities due to fear of contracting COVID-19. Cases in children and immunocompromised people are more likely to be severe. Canada cases can be aggregated from the following sources: Peru cases can be aggregated from the following sources: Spain cases can be aggregated from the following sources: Learn how and when to remove this template message, Public Health Emergency of International Concern, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2022 monkeypox outbreak in the United Kingdom, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, conspiracy theories used during the COVID-19 pandemic, Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 2022 monkeypox outbreak in the Netherlands, 2022 monkeypox outbreak in the United States, Monkeypox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, "Discussion of on-going MPXV genome sequencing", "Monkeypox spreads in West, baffling African scientists", "A Massachusetts Man Is Infected With Monkeypox", "WHO: 14,000 monkeypox cases worldwide, 5 deaths", "Brazil reports first monkeypox death outside Africa in current outbreak", "Spain confirms first monkeypox-related death in the country -reports", "Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries", "Monkeypox United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "Viruela del mono: confirmaron el primer caso del virus en el pas", "UAE reports first case of monkeypox in the country", "Israel Confirms First Case of Monkeypox Virus", "Monkeypox confirmed in Melbourne and Sydney", "5 cases of monkeypox confirmed in Ghana", "WHO declares global health emergency over monkeypox outbreak", "Monkeypox declared global health emergency by WHO as cases surge", "Largest monkeypox study to date highlights new symptoms", "Second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR) Emergency Committee regarding the multi-country outbreak of monkeypox", "Epidemiological update: Monkeypox outbreak", "Should Monkeypox Be Considered an STD? UKHSA reported on 10 June that 311 of the 314 cases where sex was known were men, and that all of the 151 infected persons who filled out an additional questionnaire and answered questions about sexual practices were men who have sex with men, abbreviated MSM. [92] On 20 May, Australia,[93][94] Germany, France and the Netherlands confirmed their first cases.
