endobj
The authors incorporated good analysis, but all situations are different and you should consult a professional in all cases. Placing the pump lower in the well (increasing its submergence) will NOT cause it to work harder or to pump less water, nor will it increase stress or wear on the pump. endobj endobj By providing storage, a producer can still provide their daily water requirements from the storage tank at night or on cloudy days. endobj ), Figure 4. Equation 3 illustrates the Hazen-Williams formula. <>
(Adapted from The University of Tennessee Extension.). Pumps may be submersed in a well as deep as necessary to ensure reliable water supply (taking into account drawn-down levels, seasonal variations, and recharge rates). Circular 670 Thomas Jenkins College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences and College of Engineering, New Mexico State University. Direct-coupled solar pumping system. A good match between the pump, PV array, and system parameters is necessary to achieve efficient operation (Morris et al., 2002). 
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This direct-coupled system is intended to operate only during the day when sunlight is present, thus eliminating the expense and complexity of batteries 4. 22 0 obj A companion publication, Circular 671, Designing Solar Water Pumping Systems for Livestock: User Manual (https://pubs.nmsu.edu/_circulars/CR671.pdf), covers the step-by-step instructions for using the Excel spreadsheet to design a solar water pump system. 
For example, a summer tilt angle would be flatter to capture more sun with tilt angle equal to the latitude angle -15 while a winter tilt angle might be latitude angle +15. Thomas Jenkins has been a professor in NMSU's Department of Engineering Technology and Survey Engineering since 1990. Southwest Technology Development Institute: Department of Engineering Technology and Surveying Engineering: https://et.nmsu.edu/. By pumping water to drinkers, ranchers can better utilize pastures, get superior animal growth and health, and provide higher-quality water (Pfost et al., 2007; Surber et al., n.d.). Water consumption is almost directly proportional to the level of milk production, and lactating cows therefore need higher amounts of water. and how much power (watts) is required to run this pump assuming standard pump efficiency ( ~35%). Entering these values, static head is calculated by Equation 2. Excess power produced by solar panels can be used for cathode protection, to aerate a dugout, or to power an electric fence. 4Batteries are expensive, must be replaced every few years, and require periodic maintenance, while the useful life of storage tanks may be decades. 4 0 obj The market price for the UF wire is for 250-ft rolls. 
Even though wind has been in use for decades and will continue to provide effective solutions for water pumping, solar power has made significant steps toward becoming the system of choice for these situations. In remote locations, though, PV water pumping systems represent a very attractive, long-term, cost-effective alternative to hauling water, diesel pumps, and even traditional windmills for drinking water and many irrigation applications (drip/trickle, hose/basin, and some channel irrigationalthough typically not for very high flow rates such as might be used in flood irrigation). endobj However, with a moisture content of 70 to 90%, lush forage may supply a large amount of required moisture in cooler weather. Solar systems low maintenance and simple operation, lack of fuel (transportation or storage) costs, environmental friendliness, and competitive life-cycle economics place them at the forefront of choices for supplying water to livestock or agriculture. 23 0 obj Applied fluid mechanics (6 ed.). A majority of pumps are positive displacement pumps (centrifugal-type pumps are also common), which enables them to maintain their lift capacity all through the solar day at varying speeds that result from changing light conditions 8.
Bartlett, B. n.d. Watering systems for grazing livestock [Online]. Solar pumping systems for surface sources or wells can be portable, which is appealing because more and more producers want systems that can move among various locations. <> endobj Available from https://www.clemson.edu/sustainableag/IP217_solar_livestock_watering.pdf. <> This is the power that de-rated 14 PV modules must supply to operate the pump. To determine these losses, the spreadsheet lists many common fittings that might be utilized within the design of the system, and you should enter the quantity of each fitting used in your system. Professor Jenkins lead the effort to develop the College of Engineering Renewable Energy Technology minor and helped establish the NMSU student organization Engineers Without Borders. Available from https://utextension.tennessee.edu/publications/documents/pb1640.pdf, Foster, R., and A. Ellis. Codes and standards, including the National Electrical Code (Wiles, 2001). The abundant and varied benefits of PV systems make them attractive in many situations. Securityalthough ideal for remote locations, systems may be vulnerable to theft and vandalism. endobj The cost for each itemized component is calculated by multiplying the quantity of each item by a representative retail price, but prices will of course vary over time. The required capacity or flow ratehow many gallons per minute (or per day) are needed. This includes: With no moving parts, the PV panel takes energy from sunlight and generates DC electricity, which is then directed through a controller to the pump/motor in what is termed a direct-coupled system (Figure 2). If sunlight changes (clouds), output current will fall and thus power will fall at a relative level (e.g., if sunlight is halved, current and power will be halved while voltage remains about the same). The first step in a design is to determine the total amount of water needed per day. <> 0 $.' This may be fixed or variable depending on seasonal conditions and other factors. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Water needs closely correspond to quantity of feed or forage intake; as intake increases, the water requirement level will increase. r)4LY6D 5PV panels may produce up to 80% of their maximum output power on partly cloudy days, and even on extremely overcast days can still produce about 25% of their maximum. Solar pumps are low volume, pumping an average of 1 to 5 gallons per minute (gpm). In areas where connection to an electric utility is not available, the primary technologies for water accesssurface sources or pumpinghave remained fairly constant for decades. hoUvfH'isUnUsf InCaca$$TsIBM%C$IdfD8Dp 'PH(I"A-$ "WD0 &08"Y($k3"R :eDq#dQp!4VI(BM2C3x'$Fk1yrX9r:$b29;`W7F/.^YtrL~X|p:=&et>.hjkK72.-]~}oC={3:omr(Nq>OX3KE)lN)= }K/;zI?N'SK=MhJ39-hI7OgzjGA2/y''K8Wy-Xd'K?n\+K'?iui77sB2lQ?_?(e2;NsiWRhxQ'2g0Y:IzO$qZ$M_El#!owq%9N7%N Air temperatures of 70 to 95F may increase water requirements by 2.5 times (Pfost et al., 2007). diameter PVC, and there are three 90 elbows, one swing-type check value, and one gate-type valve in the pipe. When producers do not have economical access to grid electric power 3, they generally look to options such as ram, sling, diesel, wind (Figure 1), or solar powered pumps. Modules can be wired in series to increase output voltages and in parallel to increase current while also increasing total power. If other size PV modules are selected, then the values must be changed to reflect those modules voltage and current. (Photo from National Renewable Energy Labs, 1997.). 2 0 obj 43 0 obj <> endobj
18 0 obj Well characteristics, such as water depth, draw-down levels and recharge rates, seasonal variations, discharge elevation from earths surface to water discharge point, total feet of pipe, nominal diameter of the pipe, valves, and elbows, etc. endobj 2007. The voltage(s) and power required for the pump and its working efficiency. It is important to consider the limits of this spreadsheet because it is only able to calculate for flow rates up to ~4 gpm and TDH values no greater than ~230 ft due to the very limited PV and pump selection options within this version. <> Solution: From Table 3, the three 90 elbows add the equivalent of 5.625 ft of pipe, the check valve 8.4375 ft, and the gate valve 0.56 ft, giving a total equivalent pipe length head of 14.6 ft (rounded to the nearest hundredth) due to fittings losses. National Renewable Energy Labs. Common values of required gallons per day per animal in New Mexico can be found in the Daily Water Requirement spreadsheet tab or in Table 2, but you have the option to change these default values depending on your unique situation 10. <> <> 7 0 obj Livestocks daily water requirements vary with air temperature, the animals age and size, activity, distance to water, lactation, dry matter intake, and dry matter moisture content. <> Once a pump is selected, we determine at what voltage this pump will operate (12 V, 30 V, etc.)
Buschermohle, M., and R. Burns. While cows may wade out to obtain better water, calves tend to only drink from the shore. 3It can cost $10,000 to $30,000 per mile to install electrical power line through rugged terrain. It is critical to minimize shading from structures and vegetation during all watering seasons because even partial shading can cause significant power loss. hb``b``0bl,3/e@ 1997. For domestic use in a cloudy climate, 10 days may be necessary, while in sunny climates such as New Mexico, 3 days of storage for livestock watering may be sufficient. <>/Encoding<>/ToUnicode 46 0 R/FontMatrix[0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0]/Subtype/Type3/Widths[500 500 500 500 500]/LastChar 53/FontBBox[16 -14 462 676]/Type/Font>>
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This direct-coupled system is intended to operate only during the day when sunlight is present, thus eliminating the expense and complexity of batteries 4. 22 0 obj A companion publication, Circular 671, Designing Solar Water Pumping Systems for Livestock: User Manual (https://pubs.nmsu.edu/_circulars/CR671.pdf), covers the step-by-step instructions for using the Excel spreadsheet to design a solar water pump system. For example, a summer tilt angle would be flatter to capture more sun with tilt angle equal to the latitude angle -15 while a winter tilt angle might be latitude angle +15. Thomas Jenkins has been a professor in NMSU's Department of Engineering Technology and Survey Engineering since 1990. Southwest Technology Development Institute: Department of Engineering Technology and Surveying Engineering: https://et.nmsu.edu/. By pumping water to drinkers, ranchers can better utilize pastures, get superior animal growth and health, and provide higher-quality water (Pfost et al., 2007; Surber et al., n.d.). Water consumption is almost directly proportional to the level of milk production, and lactating cows therefore need higher amounts of water. and how much power (watts) is required to run this pump assuming standard pump efficiency ( ~35%). Entering these values, static head is calculated by Equation 2. Excess power produced by solar panels can be used for cathode protection, to aerate a dugout, or to power an electric fence. 4Batteries are expensive, must be replaced every few years, and require periodic maintenance, while the useful life of storage tanks may be decades. 4 0 obj The market price for the UF wire is for 250-ft rolls. Even though wind has been in use for decades and will continue to provide effective solutions for water pumping, solar power has made significant steps toward becoming the system of choice for these situations. In remote locations, though, PV water pumping systems represent a very attractive, long-term, cost-effective alternative to hauling water, diesel pumps, and even traditional windmills for drinking water and many irrigation applications (drip/trickle, hose/basin, and some channel irrigationalthough typically not for very high flow rates such as might be used in flood irrigation). endobj However, with a moisture content of 70 to 90%, lush forage may supply a large amount of required moisture in cooler weather. Solar systems low maintenance and simple operation, lack of fuel (transportation or storage) costs, environmental friendliness, and competitive life-cycle economics place them at the forefront of choices for supplying water to livestock or agriculture. 23 0 obj Applied fluid mechanics (6 ed.). A majority of pumps are positive displacement pumps (centrifugal-type pumps are also common), which enables them to maintain their lift capacity all through the solar day at varying speeds that result from changing light conditions 8. Bartlett, B. n.d. Watering systems for grazing livestock [Online]. Solar pumping systems for surface sources or wells can be portable, which is appealing because more and more producers want systems that can move among various locations. <> endobj Available from https://www.clemson.edu/sustainableag/IP217_solar_livestock_watering.pdf. <> This is the power that de-rated 14 PV modules must supply to operate the pump. To determine these losses, the spreadsheet lists many common fittings that might be utilized within the design of the system, and you should enter the quantity of each fitting used in your system. Professor Jenkins lead the effort to develop the College of Engineering Renewable Energy Technology minor and helped establish the NMSU student organization Engineers Without Borders. Available from https://utextension.tennessee.edu/publications/documents/pb1640.pdf, Foster, R., and A. Ellis. Codes and standards, including the National Electrical Code (Wiles, 2001). The abundant and varied benefits of PV systems make them attractive in many situations. Securityalthough ideal for remote locations, systems may be vulnerable to theft and vandalism. endobj The cost for each itemized component is calculated by multiplying the quantity of each item by a representative retail price, but prices will of course vary over time. The required capacity or flow ratehow many gallons per minute (or per day) are needed. This includes: With no moving parts, the PV panel takes energy from sunlight and generates DC electricity, which is then directed through a controller to the pump/motor in what is termed a direct-coupled system (Figure 2). If sunlight changes (clouds), output current will fall and thus power will fall at a relative level (e.g., if sunlight is halved, current and power will be halved while voltage remains about the same). The first step in a design is to determine the total amount of water needed per day. <> 0 $.' This may be fixed or variable depending on seasonal conditions and other factors. <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Water needs closely correspond to quantity of feed or forage intake; as intake increases, the water requirement level will increase. r)4LY6D 5PV panels may produce up to 80% of their maximum output power on partly cloudy days, and even on extremely overcast days can still produce about 25% of their maximum. Solar pumps are low volume, pumping an average of 1 to 5 gallons per minute (gpm). In areas where connection to an electric utility is not available, the primary technologies for water accesssurface sources or pumpinghave remained fairly constant for decades. hoUvfH'isUnUsf InCaca$$TsIBM%C$IdfD8Dp 'PH(I"A-$ "WD0 &08"Y($k3"R :eDq#dQp!4VI(BM2C3x'$Fk1yrX9r:$b29;`W7F/.^YtrL~X|p:=&et>.hjkK72.-]~}oC={3:omr(Nq>OX3KE)lN)= }K/;zI?N'SK=MhJ39-hI7OgzjGA2/y''K8Wy-Xd'K?n\+K'?iui77sB2lQ?_?(e2;NsiWRhxQ'2g0Y:IzO$qZ$M_El#!owq%9N7%N Air temperatures of 70 to 95F may increase water requirements by 2.5 times (Pfost et al., 2007). diameter PVC, and there are three 90 elbows, one swing-type check value, and one gate-type valve in the pipe. When producers do not have economical access to grid electric power 3, they generally look to options such as ram, sling, diesel, wind (Figure 1), or solar powered pumps. Modules can be wired in series to increase output voltages and in parallel to increase current while also increasing total power. If other size PV modules are selected, then the values must be changed to reflect those modules voltage and current. (Photo from National Renewable Energy Labs, 1997.). 2 0 obj 43 0 obj <> endobj
18 0 obj Well characteristics, such as water depth, draw-down levels and recharge rates, seasonal variations, discharge elevation from earths surface to water discharge point, total feet of pipe, nominal diameter of the pipe, valves, and elbows, etc. endobj 2007. The voltage(s) and power required for the pump and its working efficiency. It is important to consider the limits of this spreadsheet because it is only able to calculate for flow rates up to ~4 gpm and TDH values no greater than ~230 ft due to the very limited PV and pump selection options within this version. <> Solution: From Table 3, the three 90 elbows add the equivalent of 5.625 ft of pipe, the check valve 8.4375 ft, and the gate valve 0.56 ft, giving a total equivalent pipe length head of 14.6 ft (rounded to the nearest hundredth) due to fittings losses. National Renewable Energy Labs. Common values of required gallons per day per animal in New Mexico can be found in the Daily Water Requirement spreadsheet tab or in Table 2, but you have the option to change these default values depending on your unique situation 10. <> <> 7 0 obj Livestocks daily water requirements vary with air temperature, the animals age and size, activity, distance to water, lactation, dry matter intake, and dry matter moisture content. <> Once a pump is selected, we determine at what voltage this pump will operate (12 V, 30 V, etc.)
Buschermohle, M., and R. Burns. While cows may wade out to obtain better water, calves tend to only drink from the shore. 3It can cost $10,000 to $30,000 per mile to install electrical power line through rugged terrain. It is critical to minimize shading from structures and vegetation during all watering seasons because even partial shading can cause significant power loss. hb``b``0bl,3/e@ 1997. For domestic use in a cloudy climate, 10 days may be necessary, while in sunny climates such as New Mexico, 3 days of storage for livestock watering may be sufficient. <>/Encoding<>/ToUnicode 46 0 R/FontMatrix[0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0]/Subtype/Type3/Widths[500 500 500 500 500]/LastChar 53/FontBBox[16 -14 462 676]/Type/Font>>